FUNARIA REPRODUCTION

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 Funaria, a common moss, exhibits both vegetative and sexual reproduction:

Vegetative Reproduction:

  • Primary Protonema Multiplication: Spores germinate into a branched, filamentous structure called the primary protonema. Certain cells in this protonema undergo intercalary divisions, forming colorless separation cells. These cells die and break the protonema into fragments, each capable of growing into a new protonema and eventually a leafy gametophore.
    Image of Primary Protonema Multiplication in FunariaOpens in a new windowbiologynotesonline.com
  • Secondary Protonema: In some cases, diploid gametophores can produce secondary protonemata through sexual reproduction. These protonemata can also develop into new gametophores.

Sexual Reproduction:

Funaria is monoecious (male and female reproductive organs on the same plant) and autoicous (male and female organs on different branches of the same plant).

  1. Antheridia (Male Sex Organs): These are club-shaped structures borne in clusters on the main shoot of the gametophyte. They produce antherozoids (male gametes) with flagella.

    Image of Antheridia in FunariaOpens in a new windowwww.pw.live

  2. Archegonia (Female Sex Organs): These are flask-shaped structures borne on lateral branches of the gametophyte. They produce a single egg cell (female gamete).

    Image of Archegonia in FunariaOpens in a new windowwww.pw.live

  3. Fertilization: Antherozoids released from antheridia swim towards archegonia and fertilize the egg cell, forming a diploid zygote.

  4. Sporophyte Development: The zygote develops into a diploid sporophyte, consisting of a foot, seta, and capsule.

    Image of Sporophyte Development in FunariaOpens in a new windowwww.vedantu.com

  5. Spore Formation: The capsule undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores.

  6. Spore Germination: Spores germinate to form new primary protonemata, completing the life cycle.

    7. Image of Funaria Life CycleOpens in a new windowwww.vedantu.com

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